The Butcher and His Fiend Like Queen in William Shakespeare’s Macbeth

The Butcher and his Fiend like Queen in William Shakespeare’s Macbeth Introduction At the end of William Shakespeare’s Macbeth, Malcolm refers to Macbeth and Lady Macbeth as: â€Å"This dead like butcher and his fiend like queen,† when he was crowned as new king of Scotland. In Malcolm’s eyes, the Macbeths are just that, cruel murderers who stole away the throne from him and his father. A butcher can be described as someone who kills, or have people killed unnecessarily or brutally. A fiend can be defined as a very cruel person, or one who causes trouble and annoyance. Macbeth is a butcher and Lady Macbeth his fiend-like queen, because of greed he had taken the lives of many people even close friends of him, and she manipulates him into doing the things he did with only her own ambitions at heart. Analysis Lady Macbeth is â€Å"fiend like† when she manages to convince Macbeth to kill Duncan. She seems to be missing all human kindness, when she trying to persuade Macbeth to commit the assassination. Macbeth hesitates on the night that the murder will be done. He does not want to do it. Lady Macbeth persuades him, mocks his weakness, even suggesting that she having the cruelest of thoughts, the thoughts of killing their little baby. | â€Å"I would, while it was smiling in my face, Have pluck'd my nipple from his boneless gums, And dash'd the brains out, had I so sworn As you have done to this† (1,7) | Lady Macbeth wants to make him feel guilty and carry out the murder. The fact that she is trying to convince Macbeth to commit this horrible crime when he hesitates is very evil indeed. Macbeth murders Duncan, the King, in order to gain the throne. Macbeth decides to kill Duncan himself, even though Lady Macbeth is supportive and persuades him. After the murder he says: | â€Å"I have done the deed. Didst thou not hear a noise? † (2,2)| He have murdered with greed in mind, showing his â€Å"butcher† side of himself. Duncan’s death is especially barbaric because Macbeth killed him in his sleep and the fact that Duncan was Macbeth’s guest and cousin and also was considered a great King. Macbeth soon realizes that he cannot stop at just killing Duncan. He understands that the one person who is most likely to threaten his position as King is Banquo. This is because he was present when the strange sisters gave Macbeth their prophecy, and can guess that Macbeth is guilty of murdering the King. Macbeth murdered his best friend, Banquo, for two different reasons. The witches’ predictions, that Banquo’s son is to become king, and the fear about Banquo’s knowledge of his dirty crime. Macbeth assigns the three murderers to kill both Banquo and his son Fleance. | â€Å"Fleance his son, that keeps him company, Whose absence is no less material to me Than is his father's, must embrace the fate Of that dark hour. † (3, 1)| Banquo was Macbeth’s best friend and had done nothing wrong; therefore must this act be the most butcher-like from Macbeth’s side. Macbeth slaughtered Lady Macduff and her son, due to the predictions made by the witches. Another example of Macbeth being a butcher is when he hires the murderers to kill the family of Macduff, just in order to cause him pain. | â€Å"The castle of Macduff I will surprise; Seize upon Fife; give to the edge o' the sword His wife, his babes, and all unfortunate souls† (4, 1)| To murder innocent children and their mother is an exceptionally brutal act. Conclusion â€Å"The butcher and his Fiend like queen† as Malcolm refers to Macbeths in the end of the play, is an accurate way to describe Macbeth and his wife. Macbeth can be described as a butcher when he is involved in the murders of the King, Banquo, his best friend, and the family of Macduff. He murders innocent people, people he like, just to gain power. Lady Macbeth can be given the title of a fiend-like queen when she intrigues to murder Duncan and can be seen just as a brutal murderer as Macbeth because she is the brain behind the crime. Macbeth may not have murdered King Duncan without the support of his â€Å"Fiend like queen†, but Macbeth maid that choice and therefore he also chooses to rule in Hell rather than to serve in Heaven. This all came down to Macbeth’s greed and Lady Macbeth’s ambitions to become the King and Queen. Bibliography Shakespeare, W. (1990) Macbeth, Arden

Collaboration To Prevent Zoonotic Disease Health And Social Care Essay

In 1899 Sir Patrick Manson wrote â€Å" aˆÂ ¦that the lower animate beings, particularly. . . those that are closely associated with adult male, play an of import portion in the transmittal of human disease is now merely going to be appreciated. . . for one time in a manner, scientific discipline is immensely in progress of pattern. Our sanitarians and the public do non to the full recognize all that the community of involvement, as respects disease sources, of adult male and animal agencies in the spread of disease. At all events if they do understand it they surely do non move as if they appreciated it. † Since so, research workers have discovered a scope of agencies by which assorted diseases may be transferred from animate beings to people. Besides direct animate being contact ( consumption, animate being bites, diseased carnal handling ) these include direct or indirect exposure to septic tissues, piss, spit, secernments or fecal matters through tegument or mucose me mbranes, inspiration of contaminated aerosols or dust, bites from arthropod vectors, and research lab accidents ( Baptiste et al, 2005 ; Dabritz and Conrad, 2010 ) . Bender and Minicucci ( 2007 ) modified the 1959 World Health Organisation definition of zoonotic diseases to be â€Å" Those diseases and infections that are of course transmitted between craniate animate beings and adult male, with the animate beings functioning as the reservoir where a pathogen lives or persists and multiplies. † Despite this possible for disease transportation, it is estimated that 63 % of families ain at least one pet ( McNicholas et al, 2005 ) . The bond between worlds and animate beings has been recognized for many old ages, and favored ownership has been associated with psychological, emotional and physical benefits. Surveies have identified stress decrease, decreased feelings of depression and disaffection, reduced cardiovascular disease, higher endurance from myocardial infarctions, reduced hazard of asthma and allergic coryza as advantages of having comrade animate beings ( Friedmann et al, 1980 ; Anderson et Al, 1992 ; Spencer, 1992b ; Patronek and Glickman, 1993 ; Beck and Meyers, 1996 ; Villar et Al, 1998 ; Siegel et Al, 1999 ; McNicholas et Al, 2005 ) . Unfortunately, the zoonotic transmittal of infective diseases amongst immunocompromised persons and their pets is frequently overlooked, ignored or over overdone. While possible zoonotic pathogens of concern to immunocompromised in dividuals include Toxoplasma gondii, Cryptosporidium spp. , Salmonella spp. , Campylobacter spp. , Giardia lamblia, Rhodococcus equi, Bartonella spp. , Mycobacterium marinum, Bordetella bronchiseptica, Chlamydia psittaci, and zoophilic dermatophytes, appropriate hygiene and instruction can dramatically cut down the hazards ( Trevejo et al, 2005 ) . With the exclusion of Bartonella henselae ( cat abrasion disease ) and zoophilic dermatophytes, the predating infections in worlds are more normally acquired from beginnings other than pets, and the infective disease hazard from having pets is considered low even amongst immunocompromised persons ( Spencer, 1992a ; Jones et Al, 1999 ; Robertson et Al, 2000 ; Mani and Maguire, 2009 ) . However, HIV-infected and immunosuppressed individuals may still be advised non to ain pets, or to dispose of their comrade animate beings. Since people are more likely to hold their Canis familiariss and cats vaccinated against hydrophobias than to hold the ir kids vaccinated against grippe ( Rock and Lail, 2009 ) , fear that they may lose their pets can take sick persons to wholly avoid intervention. Therefore, concern for the wellness and public assistance of pets can supply a strategic gap for conveying information sing human wellness and health by health care professionals. Given that human medical specialty does non by and large explore the function of animate beings in the transmittal of zoonotic agents, and veterinary medical specialty does non pull off the clinical facets of human disease, zoonotic disease bar amongst immunocompromised individuals requires engagement of both doctors and veterinaries.Immunocompromised PersonsWhen sing the immunocompromised as a vulnerable population, there is a broad assortment of root causes for immune map decrease amongst the most immunosuppressed groups. The cardinal similarity between them all is that they are more susceptible to serious unwellnesss from infections associated with pathogens from animate beings, insects, nutrient and H2O. This is due to impaired immune system map which consequences in a decreased ability to battle the resulting infections. Primary or inborn immunodeficiencies are caused by familial or innate upsets, B- and T-cell lacks, and defects in unconditioned unsusceptibility, while acquired immunodeficiencies include the acquired immunodeficiency syndrome ( HIV/AIDS ) , impaired unsusceptibility from chemotherapy or radiation, splenectomy, diseases of bone marrow, and protein-calorie malnutrition ( Abbas et al, 2009 ) . Immunosuppressive therapy for grafts of bone marrow, haematopoietic root cells, and solid variety meats enhances the hurtful effects of underlying unwellness or organ failure. Malignancy, diabetes mellitus, Cushing's syndrome, gestation, hypogammaglobulinemia, extremes of age, alcohol addiction, and asplenia besides impair host unsusceptibility to changing grades by impacting endocrine and immune cell degrees, reactions and sensit ivenesss ( Abbas et al, 2009 ) . Therefore, it is of import to acknowledge that immunocompromisation is a far making term which includes those enduring from HIV/AIDS, pregnant adult females, babies younger than 1 twelvemonth, people older than 65 old ages of age, people taking immunosuppressive medicines ( such as transplant organ receivers ) , people having chemotherapeutic agents, and people enduring from diabetes, nephritic failure, malnutrition, liver cirrhosis, or assorted other immunosuppressive diseases or conditions. A conservative estimation is that about 20 % of the United States population is considered immunocompromised ( Robinson and Pugh, 2002 ) , and there is no ground to surmise that this is non the same in Canada. This figure is expected to increase as the overall population ages, and as malignant neoplastic disease and HIV/AIDS therapies improve taking patients to hold longer endurance rates ( Robinson and Pugh, 2002 ) .Preventing Zoonotic Disease Transmission in Immunocompromised PopulationsThere are of import factors that immunocompromised individuals need to see with respects to pet ownership, and by and large most writers agree on several cardinal points refering to these issues. First, that immunocompromised persons need to carefully see the important hazards of favored ownership and that instruction leting them to make so needs to be provided in an empathic, caring environment ( Kotton, 2007 ) . Second, that few immunosuppressed individuals initiate these conversations themselves ( Davis, 2008 ) . Last, that there does non look to be consistent duologue or coaction between the Fieldss of human and veterinary medical specialty ( Lipton et al, 2008 ) . In order to get the better of these jobs and travel towards a declaration of the issue of zoonotic disease transmittal, physician-veterinarian relationships need to be established early. In a survey sing the attitudes of veterinaries and doctors towards zoonotic diseases amongst immunocompromised patients, doctors were uncomfortable discoursing the function of pets in the transmittal of zoonotic diseases. Alternatively doctors preferred that veterinaries initiate those treatments ( Grant and Olsen, 1999 ) . However, without physician support, most patients do non see veterinaries as a beginning of information sing human wellness ( Beck and Meyers, 1996 ; Robinson, 2000 ; McNicholas et Al, 2005 ) . This is despite most veterinaries recognizing their function in public instruction refering zoonotic disease bar, and being prepared for stronger partnerships with public wellness bureaus ( Lipton et al, 2008 ) . As the theoretical account of coaction between wellness professionals alterations into a system of One Health, opportunities to develop schemes specifically adopted towards the bar of zoonotic disease within vulnerable immunosuppressed populations could originate. Currently policies remain in their babyhood as comprehensive, comparative medical specialty has merely late regained widespread entreaty. Generally, schemes have been centred on the distribution of educational booklets and stuffs on the subject of comrade animate being related zoonotic diseases, or little marks within medical waiting countries promoting patients to talk with their wellness professional to heighten bar ( Beck and Meyers, 1996 ; Grant and Olsen, 1999 ; Bender and Minicucci, 2007 ; Pickering et Al, 2008 ) . Unfortunately, despite the fact that these methods may at first appear empowering, it is improbable that many patients are within the appropriate phase of alteration to originate alterations, and therefore are unwilling to utilize the resources. Furthermore, it has been suggested that on norm, veterinaries engaged in treatments sing zoonotic disease merely twice per hebdomad, and doctors seldom, if at all ( Grant and Olsen, 1999 ) . This farther demonstrates the deficiency of information being communicated to patients. However, despite the lack of concrete stairss taken towards seting specific policies into topographic point, the undermentioned suggestions have been put frontward as recommendations for cut downing the transportation of zoonotic disease to immunosuppressed persons. 1. Increased public instruction demands to be provided to immunocompromised persons and their households. a ) Education sing appropriate attention and hygiene of pets, and people in contact with comrade animate beings needs to be provided ( Robinson and Pugh, 2002 ; Hemsworth and Pizer, 2006 ; Mani and Maguire, 2009 ) . This includes manus rinsing after contact with pets, every bit good as care of a clean, healthy environment, modus operandi and regular veterinarian attention ( including handling with appropriate parasiticides ) , and regular pet hygiene ( e.g. niping cats claws, cleaning litter box day-to-day, forestalling Canis familiariss from creaming, etc ) ( NASPHV, 2009 ) . It is of import besides that comrade animate beings are spayed or neutered to cut down the potency for contact with venereal secernments. Discussions sing appropriate eating wonts are important, as immunocompromised patients should ne'er feed their pets natural meat due to the increased hazard of transmittal of pathogens such as Salmonella and tineas to their pets, which can so go vectors themselves. Immunosupp ressed persons must keep their ain hygiene, as integral mucocutaneous barriers are one of the few defense mechanisms against development of disease. B ) Recommendations refering appropriate pet purchases and contact with bad species need to be outlined ( Robinson and Pugh, 2002 ; Hemsworth and Pizer, 2006 ; Mani and Maguire, 2009 ) . Immunosuppressed individuals should avoid holding any reptilians or amphibious vehicles, wild or alien birds, or gnawers as pets. Additionally, many persons are non cognizant that acceptance of an grownup animate being reduces the opportunities of infection with a GI zoonotic disease. 2. Improved coaction between wellness attention professionals needs to be maintained in order to place possible zoonotic state of affairss. a ) Health professionals must join forces sing their consciousness of the hazards of infection and showing marks of disease in both human and carnal patients ( Robinson and Pugh, 2002 ; Hemsworth and Pizer, 2006 ; Mani and Maguire, 2009 ) . Knowledge of susceptible persons within the same family, such as an sick pet or individual, allows wellness attention practicians to give appropriate advice and instructions on bar of disease transmittal. Comprehensive medical direction programs can so be given in order to maximise life anticipation and minimise morbidity for both human and carnal patients. B ) Dialogue refering zoonotic diseases present in the patient ‘s and the community ‘s environing environment must be undertaken within a squad environment ( Robinson and Pugh, 2002 ; Kahn, 2006 ) . Currently disease surveillance is fragmented, with human wellness professionals describing to different administrations and sections in authorities than veterinary professionals. If this were synchronised there would be a greater opportunity of placing possible zoonotic eruptions prior to occurrence, every bit good as hastening local responses required to command events. 3. Integrated instruction for doctors and veterinaries can cut down the uncomfortableness that wellness professionals feel at the thought of collaborative treatments. a ) Comprehensive instruction on the topic of public wellness, zoonotic disease and immunocompromised patients during professional preparation can cut down the fright of treatments on the topic ( Grant and Olsen, 1999 ; Robinson and Pugh, 2002 ) . Combined veterinary and medical preparation both during preparation and through continuing instruction post-graduation through required coursework or workshops ensures consistence in the messages given to patients sing zoonotic disease every bit good as furthering collaborative working relationships between professionals that can transport frontward to future interactions. 4. There should be increased scientific survey on the subject of disease transmittal between immunosuppressed persons and their pets. a ) Research performed jointly by doctors and veterinaries on the topic of zoonotic disease transmittal could formalize present twenty-four hours concerns and sentiments ( Robinson and Pugh, 2002 ; Hemsworth and Pizer, 2006 ; Kahn, 2006 ) . To day of the month at that place have been no randomised controlled tests, and few instance control surveies on the subject of disease transmittal amongst immunosuppressed persons, taking to guess as to the overall hazards of infection. Misconceptions of elevated hazard of pet-acquired unwellnesss often lead households to acquire rid of darling pets unnecessarily doing indefensible emphasis and depression. This is despite the fact that the bulk of pets do non do any greater hazards to immunocompromised patients than interaction with other people or the environment would ( Burton, 1989 ; Wallace et Al, 1993 ) . B ) Studies performed jointly by doctors and veterinaries on the topic of successful wellness promotional activities could promote farther integrating of these schemes and enterprises, and create and drift for future support ( Grant and Olsen, 1999 ; Kahn, 2006 ) . There exists small literature on which wellness promotional schemes appear to hold had a important impact on the decrease of zoonotic transmittal of disease amongst pet proprietors. 5. Improved visibleness of health care professionals within the general community can advance discourse in the subject of disease transference between comrade animate beings and their vulnerable proprietors. a ) Evidence of the presence of the support available for immunocompromised patients with pets can take to more unfastened communicating between patients and the health care professionals with whom they interact ( Grant and Olsen, 1999 ; Lipton et Al, 2008 ) . It is recommended that doctors and veterinaries affiliate with support groups to promote patients to utilize all preventative and diagnostic steps available.Strategic ExamplesAs mentioned, one of the cardinal wellness publicity schemes recommended by several writers was specialised, comprehensive instruction of the particular immunocompromised population. Health instruction is geared to better the cognition that a mark population holds sing the specific issue being discussed. A assortment of methods can be used to leave this information, from printed paperss ( including booklets, postings or manuals ) , to diverse media mercantile establishments ( including telecasting or wireless advertizements or internet web sites ) , to int eractive public treatments ( including community meetings and particular involvement groups ) . Currently, wellness instruction sing the transmittal of zoonotic diseases between immunocompromised persons and their comrade animate beings by and large takes the signifier of marks, booklets or postings in medical and veterinary office waiting suites. For best pattern, educational stuffs should be designed by a collaborative squad of doctors, veterinaries, nurses and wellness publicity specializers. For illustration, the Center for Disease Control presently maintains a web site that contains many client educational resources, including booklets and postings aimed at cut downing zoonotic disease transmittal in immunosuppressed populations for medical and veterinary offices ( CDC, 2011a ; CDC, 2011b ) . These resources are designed by their epidemiological public wellness specializers. Unfortunately, as was mentioned antecedently, even though these are first-class resources, as a inactive resource they are merely utile when they are used, and so make non truly empower the patient. A client ‘s sensed susceptibleness to disease and personal cues to action will play important functions in whether they choose to take the stuff, and so whether they choose to prosecute their wellness professional in the necessary duologue to do of import changes to their state of affairs. As good, the patient must be willing to take action one time they have acquired the recommendations. So while wellness instruction can ensue in improved communicating with patients as a starting point for originating treatment, it is merely functional when used as one of an armory of tools, instead than as the primary or exclusive agencies of zoonotic disease decrease amongst an immunocompromised population. Another recommendation was for a collaborative team-centered attack, in which wellness attention professionals form a squad to recommend for comprehensive medical direction programs that maximize healthy long lives for both human patients and pets. Since veterinaries have a duty to name, dainty and rede the proprietor or health professional on zoonotic disease it is of import that they feel they are a member of the wellness squad. Their function needs to guarantee that doctors and other wellness professionals are given accurate information on the hazards for their patients and practical advice on how to understate infections from happening. As portion of a collaborative squad, doctors should besides be proactive in asking about pet or dog ownership among their immunocompromised patients. Physicians must keep consciousness of pet infective diseases and hazards to advocate patients to forestall human infection. Doctors must besides acknowledge the disease in worlds every bit good as de velop cognition and apprehension of clinical syndromes in animate beings, because these may supply a hint to the aetiology of undiagnosed diseases in human patients. In order to ab initio make this positive working relationship, it is recommended that wellness scientific discipline colleges at universities create interdisciplinary nucleus classs necessitating all wellness subjects ( including but non limited to Medicine, Veterinary Medicine, Nursing, Public Health ) to work together on public wellness issues. By larning to work together groups learn to understand and recommend for each other, and hence go more expert at recommending for all of their patients. This would so widen to immunocompromised pet proprietors. Unfortunately, developing this type of course of study will take important organizational alteration and has non yet been completed. Organizational alteration seeks to cut down the demand for remedial or reactive policy by making positive, balanced and flexible constructions and schemes to get by with issues as they arise. Successful organizational alteration in this case requires reconstituting of resources and transmutation of metho dological analysis, which can merely be undertaken one time all cardinal stakeholders acknowledge and consider the possible effects of disregarding the state of affairs. As mentioned, it is estimated that at least 20 % of the current population is considered to be immunosuppressed ( Robinson and Pugh, 2002 ) . As this per centum grows, the impact of avoiding the reverberations of absent policies will go undeniable. However, legion pupil run interdisciplinary groups exist and one successful illustration of this type of confederation is the Aboriginal, Rural and Remote Health Group ( ARRHG ) from the University of Saskatchewan which fosters an interprofessional position on issues affecting vulnerable rural, distant and Aboriginal populations. With members from each of the professional wellness scientific discipline sections on campus, pupils learn to interact and pass on with a diverse array of subjects. In the interim, while waiting for new course of study to be developed, joint medi cal and veterinary medical workshops based on the success of groups such as ARRHG could be given to educate professionals on the zoonotic hazards to human wellness. By hammering ties, participants of these workshops would non merely go better advocators for their patients, but besides for the plans themselves, promoting universities to rush their bringing.The Role of Public Health ProfessionalsPublic wellness professionals have a important function in disease surveillance. Companion animate beings can be considered the proverbial ‘canary in a coal mine ‘ by which wellness boosters can break aim their activities based on current needs appraisals. As pets are in intimate contact with members of a human household, they frequently eat similar nutrients, portion the same beds, and serve as travel comrades ; therefore their disease hazard ends up similar to that of their proprietors. Animals hence may function as incidental lookouts for disease, as their wellness frequently mi rrors that of worlds in the same family. Communication between veterinaries, doctors and public wellness functionaries can ease rapid sensing of disease and execution of disease-control and bar schemes to finally minimise damaging wellness effects in both people and animate beings ( Robinson and Pugh, 2002 ) . Public wellness bureaus could increase their engagement in the decrease of zoonotic disease transmittal to immunocompromised persons by going involved in the development of educational stuffs, by moving as affairs between diverse wellness professionals and degrees of authorities, and by run intoing on a regular basis with the community to discourse concerns sing zoonotic diseases and their bar. Public wellness professionals could be instrumental in developing a secure online method for veterinaries, doctors and public wellness professionals to portion information sing zoonotic diseases within the community and possible methods with which to protect vulnerable groups prior to i nclusion of the media.DecisionsZoonotic diseases are a turning public wellness concern, particularly among vulnerable immunosuppressed populations. As more than 75 % of emerging human infective diseases involve zoonotic pathogens ( Lefebvre et al, 2006 ) , and comrade animate beings remain an of import possible beginning of disease for the increasing figure of immunocompromised persons within the population. However, given the emotional and physical benefits of favored ownership, wellness practicians must better their accomplishments in wellness instruction, protagonism and collaborative communicating in order to guarantee that their patients remain capable of keeping their ain wellness while coexisting with their comrade animate beings.

Insurance Essay

There are many differences between insurance and social assistance programs. They differentiate in administration, financing, coverage and the basis of payments. Insurance is having coverage for the most important and costly things that need to be protected throughout life. Health insurance is used to help cover the cost of routine check-ups, immunization, medications, emergency visits, surgeries, and hospitalization. These costs increase over time due to the increase in the quality of care and prescription costs.Depending on what your income and insurance plan you have you will be opted to pay a deductible before your insurance company will pay their part. Auto insurance protects auto accidents, medical bills from accidents, and repairs such as collision coverage. Social assistance programs are solely for people who have a low income, or are unemployed due to disabilities, maternity leave, or have children and are unemployed.Auto and health insurance have many similarities as well a s differences. When it comes to auto insurance you are paying a predetermined amount to keep a coverage on your vehicle. Whether it be a car accident, theft, repairs or towing and protecting against an accident if you are at fault. Depending on what type of insurance you have and how much you are willing to pay for your coverage is all based on what you receive on your auto insurance.Health insurance is primarily to keep you in a good health. There are more than 51 million people throughout the US that have no health insurance. Having health insurance is so important in order to have routine check-ups, ER visits for illnesses, giving birth, medication and hospitalization which are all very costly matters. The similarity between these two types of insurance is to protect you against the financial hardships the happen throughout life to be able to afford them.

Assess the major themes, based on article ''Sharing In The Global Essay - 1

Assess the major themes, based on article ''Sharing In The Global Economy -An Introduction'' written by Adam W. Parson edited by Rejesh Makwana - Essay Example These varied images figure into diverse representations of globalization by which it mean broad understandings of its characteristics, dynamics, causes, and consequences. Some representations are explicitly constructed, publicized, and defended against alternatives – as in the neoliberal narratives offered by the World Bank (WB) and the International Monetary Fund (IMF), or the critical narratives of groups that oppose corporate globalization, such as Global Exchange. But there are also what we can call implicit representations arising from media coverage of globalization-related issues, formed as people pass the images and ideas they encounter through the filter of their own perspectives and experiences, and build understandings of their own. These diverse representations – unfurled in different venues, to different audiences, with different ends matter in so far as they affect the dense networks of forces and relations that shape how globalization unfolds. Thus, for e xample, they may affect such varied processes as: the buying behavior of first-world consumers, the bargaining power of labor, the success and freedom from regulation of multinational corporations, the mandates of elected officials, the authority and funding of the international financial institutions, and shifts of authority for regulating international trade and investment from national into supranational domains. Globalization is almost always understood to be an acceleration of processes of economic integration, spurred by free trade, that have been underway for centuries. To be sure, there are lively debates within the economics profession about the levels and distributions of benefits from globalization and the extent to which it has excesses and inefficiencies that public policy should address. However, few mainstream economists would agree that new conceptual frameworks

Animation Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Animation - Essay Example â€Å"Actually, animation has received high profile on the television and various websites.† (Wells, 2002, p. 3). The modern animation works are very creative and are produced on seasonal basis; that is, they are produced to represent certain happenings of phenomenon. From the art point of view, animation is an ancient artwork that was born out of creativity and innovation. The history of animation can be traced back in the Paleolithic cave paintings era since it is in this era where interest in developing motion pictures grew (Graber, 2009).  The era was characterized by a series of creative art works which showed attempts to develop motion pictures. For instances, some pictures would be drawn with several legs and this revealed that man was trying to design a motion picture. The generations that came after the Paleolithic cave paintings era developed the paintings and made them look lively. The development of the modern technology and evolution of artwork education curriculum gave way to further development of animations field. Through education on the animation side of art, people grew more creative and became more innovative. As a result, the development of complex animations was born, and this opened the doors for continued development. In essence, the development of the animation field of arts can be viewed as a continued process that will cont inue stimulating new ideas and creativity. The future of animation is quite diversified based on the fact more devices or improving the animation industry are continually being discovered and developed. The art and practice of animation has become very popular in the recent past. â€Å"The digital tools have aided in the transformation from the traditional animation to modern animation.† (Jones & Oliff, 2007, p. 7) This can be associated with increased creativity and the wide spread of information regarding animation. The modern technology has made the spread of

The role of cell phone usage in the dialectic of autonomy vs Research Paper

The role of cell phone usage in the dialectic of autonomy vs connection within young adult romantic relationships - Research Paper Example Does a relationship exist between cell phone application and perceptions of the dialectical autonomy pressure versus connection among romantic relationships in young people? â€Å"What sources of autonomy-connection conflict pertain to cell phone use within romantic relationships do individuals report?† Does a difference on sources of phone-based conflicts exist between individuals who experience â€Å"high versus low levels of autonomy-connection dialectical tension†? Which strategies to the target population use to resolve autonomy-connection conflicts that relates to cell phone application? (Duran, Kelly and Rotaru, 2011, p. 23). The researchers do not offer research hypotheses but these can be inferred from the research questions. The authors explain their expected findings on the research questions from the literature review that established existing knowledge in the subject of study and the aim of expanding the existing knowledge and this means that the study†™s findings are supposed to be consistent with the already developed knowledge regarding the research questions. The authors relied on previously developed information and not specific theories (Duran, Kelly and Rotaru, 2011). Analysis of the methods section The researchers’ description of participants’ selection strategy identifies a stratified sampling approach, a techniques that classifies participants into categories with identifiable features before sampling from each category. Stratified sampling is recognized for generating representative samples. The categories, used by the researchers, are upper division courses and lower division courses. Two hundred and ten participants were used in the study, 145 of whom were women while 45 were men and the participants had an average age of... The role of cell phone usage in the dialectic of autonomy vs connection within young adult romantic relationships The statement of purpose is therefore clear and is expressly stated. The author’s offers many justifications for undertaking the study and one of the justifications is existence of information gap on the subtopic that remains unexplored within the wider topic of mobile phones usability. Background information into the study that identifies increasing trend in phone ownership among teenagers, previous studies on rates of phone applications and the role of phone in social initiatives, among friends, and within social networks with little focus on the role of phone usage in dialectic autonomy versus connection among adults is one of the offered reasons for the study. The need to obtain solutions for developed questions from the study’s background information is another justification that the authors offer for the study. The questions relate to partners’ perception of the role of mobile phones on â€Å"autonomy-connection dialectic† and potential conflict amon g partners regarding cell phone usage. The researchers’ description of participants’ selection strategy identifies a stratified sampling approach, a techniques that classifies participants into categories with identifiable features before sampling from each category. Stratified sampling is recognized for generating representative samples. The categories, used by the researchers, are upper division courses and lower division courses. Two hundred and ten participants were used in the study, 145 of whom were women while 45 were men and the participants had an average age of 20.62.

GEOINT and Asia Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

GEOINT and Asia - Essay Example Such views include the state and its citizens, children and their parents, husband and wife, liberty and authority, hierarchy and equality as well as rights and responsibilities. These differences have existed for centuries and have at times threatened world peace (Fawn, 1999). The two regions also have a lot of differences regarding political ideologies as well as political regimes. These differences could be attributed to the increased levels of awareness between these civilizations, since this intensifies civilization consciousness. More and more people migrating from the Asian region receive increased receptivity and hostility from the western world. Studies reveal that the western world reacts more negatively to Asian investment in their countries than from other regions. When people from the two regions interact, their civilization-consciousness is enhanced, which further invigorates the animosities and differences, thus explaining why it stretches such a long way back in history (Huntington, 1997). The increasing economic regionalism can also be attributed to the differences between the two regions. Most countries in the western world prefer intraregional trade between themselves and this only enhances economic regionalism. This reinforces western Christianity as well as European culture in all aspects of trade, therefore isolating the Asian region because of its unique civilization. In this case, cultural differences between the two regions will hinder their economic integration (Doyle, 2009). Other issues causing differences between the western world and the Asian region range from immigration to human rights and the environment in general. The clash of these two civilizations could be said to be occurring at the macro-level. This means that they compete for economic power as well as relative military (Fawn, 1999). They also want to control third parties and international

Semiotic Analysis Case Study Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

Semiotic Analysis - Case Study Example He interpreted the sign to be a physical object with meaning, consisting of the 'signifier' and the 'signified'. The 'signifier' according to him, was the material vehicle for the sign and the 'signified' was the mental concept it represented which was a common factor between every member of the same culture, sharing the same language. (Fiske 1990:43) While on the other hand, paradigmatic analysis deals with the examination of paradigms embedded in the text. Commutation tests are often used in paradigmatic analysis. Commutation test involve the analysis by substituting words of the same class or type to regulate the shifts in connotation. They help in analyzing an advertisement from different perspectives through signs. They take into consideration different aspects of the 'signifier' and 'signified'. To interpret the message of the advertisement in the context of different themes, genres or mediums, a paradigmatic approach should be used. (T. Vestergaard, and K. Schroder, 1985) Connotative meanings are those that are not purposeful representations of the object, but, new usages that have been produced by the language group. Connotative meaning examines the associations, the feels and overtones of a concept, and rather does not see it explicitly. Taking a close look at the definition given Saussure (1857-1913), a sign consists of two parts: Being a signifier entails, it will have a structure that a person can witness through his senses of touch, smell, sight and hearing, and Being the signified implies, it will symbolize an idea or mental build of a thing instead of the object itself Whereas on the other hand, according to Chandler, Daniel. (2001/2007), a denotation is the literal or surface meaning preset to a signifier. Meanings that are connotative are developed by the masses and do not show the inherent qualities of the thing or concept in actuality signified as the meaning. The accumulation of such meanings introduces complexity into the system of coding. If a signifier has only one denotational meaning, the use of the sign will always be unambiguously decoded by the audience. But connotative meanings are those that are dependent on the context, i.e. the addressee must learn how to make both the meanings correspond; the meaning intended by the sender and the multiple probable meanings in memory. While the syntagmatic analysis, analyzes the textual aspect which compares a shot particularly in photography with other preceding and succeeding shots. On the other hand, paradigmatic analysis compares shots, but not against other alternative kinds of shots, as far as photography is concerned (C. Bazalgette, 1991). The theories of semiotics are thus regarded as a unifying matrix which underlie most of the so-called humanities, as well as many of the social and behavioral sciences. Thus it informs and impinges the important segments of the behavioral sciences, such as psychological studies, and the hard sciences, such as biology and physics

Business Strategy College Case Study Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words

Business Strategy College - Case Study Example The OAG official airline guide data taken from the website www.oag.com shows a startling low cast data. Its study of low cost budget airline data released its report dated September 19, 2007 shows startling facts. The data indicates that that budget airline capacity has doubled in the last four years. The low cost growth of the same industry has increased by twenty percent. The study also shows that Europe, which includes the United Kingdom, is leading the world in the low cost /network balance scheme. Clearly, the OAG data shows a startling low cast data. The same OAG study covers a wide airline passenger seat sector. The study covers eleven million extra seats in over sixty six thousand more flights operated by the low cost sector. The industry shows a year on year increase of twenty four percent and twenty percent respectively. The financial data shows that the 2007 low cost flights comprise a higher sixteen percent of the total available airline seats in Europe for the prior accounting period. The prior period only generated a fourteen percent low cost comparative figure. In addition, the 2007 financial data also shows that twenty percent of the total worldwide airline covers is given to low cost flights. This is higher than the seventeen percent financial data of the prior year, 2006. Evidently, the OAG study covers a wide airline passenger seat sector. ... Three of the major forces in the European, Low -cost, budget airline sector are rivalry among competing sellers in the air travel industry, market attempts of companies in other industries to win customers and the potential entry of new air travel competitors.Rivalry among competing sellers in the air travel industry. There is s strong rivalry among the competing sellers in the low cost budget airline sectors. The air transportation industry is changing fundamentally. Low cost air passenger carriers are now slowly killing the competition. This long term trend has undermined the industry's prior structure, procedures, business models and these changes have consequences for airport access. Airlines and airports now have neither the money nor the appetite for grandiose projects. While massive airport buildings around the world planned many years ago are still being inaugurated. These inaugurated airports include Heathrow airport in London, Suvarnabhumi airport in Bangkok, Barajas airpor t in Madrid, a Singapore airport and a Toronto airport. The current trend in the airline industry is to focus on low -cost airport buildings and facilities. Boston had built a $ 400 million passenger building to Delta air's specifications. It was opened shortly before the airline went bankrupt. As Delta air buckles under the pressure of shrinking its network and services, another competitor must be entertained to take over the leased airport spaces vacated by Delta Air. Low cost airline companies easily fit this description. Undoubtedly, there is strong rivalry among the competing sellers in the low cost budget airline sectors (De Neufville 2006).Market attempts of companies in other

Blood composition Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

Blood composition - Essay Example The latter are responsible for giving rise to the blood cells. The mixed myeloid progenitor cells differentiate into the colony forming units (CFU), which ultimately give rise to a particular type of the blood cell. Erythroid cells form the red blood cells which are responsible for carrying hemoglobin and transport oxygen. The white blood cells include monocytes and granulocytes. Monocytes circulate in the blood for some time and then migrate to the tissues to take part in the inflammatory reactions. Three types of granulocytes circulate in the blood, neutrophils, eosinophils and basophils. Neutrophils are the most common among the three. They serve to protect against the infections as they recognize and destroy the foreign antigens. Eosinophils account for 1-6% of the circulating WBCs and are responsible for eliciting allergic reactions and also fight against Platyhelminthes and protozoa. Basophils are involved in hypersensitivity reactions by interacting with IgE antibody. Platelet s arise from megakaryocytes and after activation form fibrin plugs to control abnormal

Business Analysis of British American Tobacco Case Study

Business Analysis of British American Tobacco - Case Study Example Philip Morris leads the market with 18% share, BAT follows with 11%, while Imperial Tobacco and Gallaher hold fourth and fifth position in the global tobacco pie. The missing third spot belongs to Japan Tobacco. In UK, the cigarette and tobacco market is predominantly captivated by Gallaher and Imperial Tobacco; the two firms enjoy an 80% hold in the market. BAT has its manufacturing facilities in UK but exports most of its production. (Action on Smoking and Health Fact sheet No.18) Recently, BAT has strengthened its position in the Tobacco world market with different moves. As per the most recent developments, to expand their reach farther, BAT is in process of acquiring small firms internationally so as to have extended access to the markets, and to have stronger position at the same. The group is also quite close to the completion of purchasing House of Prince (HoP). As per the Citigroup officials, the huge network of supply chain that BAT carries with itself can assist in exceeding HoP's last years 30 billion cigarettes sales figure throughout Europe. This would have a net impact on BAT's sales rather than increasing the existing lines sales. At the same time, in the start of March 2007, BAT declared its results for the ended fiscal year showing an increase in operational profits of 7-8% with Middle East, Latin America, Africa, and Asia-Pacific are the major contributors to this increment. Apart from this, another major cause has been an increment in the sal es volumes of subsidiaries that rose by 2%. It is noticeable that the net tobacco products sales was drove by the 4 major players of the market, giving it a volume increase of 17%. Internal & External Analysis Two of the most effective tools used widely for internal and external analysis of an organization are PEST and SWOT. PEST is the simple analyses of the external environment of an organization, while SWOT matches the internal and external factors to identify critical points for concentration. Following are the same conducted for BAT: SWOT SW presents the internal scenario of the organization, matched against the existing or anticipated external OT provides a plan for the future course of action. Following is a pictorial representation of the same: Strength Independence from single importer-monopoly Brand loyalty and associated good will Tremendous market segmentation Weaknesses Lack of regional market knowledge Unpredictability of Importers Very less presence in the local market Lack of

Emily Dickinson Essay Example for Free

Emily Dickinson Essay Religion and spirituality can affect different people’s lifestyles in different ways. In the case of Emily Dickinson, her religion affected her writing. Emily Dickinson seemed to have written her poems based by religious influence; the poems â€Å"Some Keep the Sabbath going to Church† and â€Å"Because I could not stop for Death† are both examples of how religion influenced her poetry. Emily Dickinson did not at all have a sort of a rough upbringing or childhood, as it was in fact, very pleasant for the most part. She was born on December 10th 1830 in Amherst, Massachusetts. The town she had grown up in, coincidentally, was noted as a center of education, based on the Amherst College. Her family was very well-known in the community, so her childhood home was often used as a meeting place for visitors. In school, Emily was known for being a very intelligent student, and could create original rhyming stories to entertain her other classmates. She loved to read, and was extremely conscientious about her work (Tejvan par. 2-4). However, Emily Dickinson’s father was extremely strict. He was determined to bring up his children in an extremely proper way, causing his daughter to both hate and love him at the same time. He would censor the types of books allowed in the house; any books that were found to be too inappropriate would have to be smuggled in the house without his knowing. Emily described it as â€Å"his heart was pure and terrible† (Tejvan par. 4). Because of these actions, Emily was extremely respectful to both her father and other older male figures. However, she still loved her father in every way she could, and wished to be the best daughter she could ever possibly be (Tejvan par. 2-4). After her childhood, Emily Dickinson lived isolated from the world for the remainder of her life. Despite her remote lifestyle, Dickinson still actively read and still communicated with people with whom she felt the need to keep in contact. Her brother moved in next door to her after attending law school and marrying his wife. Her younger sister followed Emily’s example and also lived in almost complete isolation at her home. Her siblings and brother’s spouse acted as both family and companions during Dickinson’s lifetime (Emily Dickinson Poets.org par. 2). At the time of Dickinson’s life, there was a â€Å"revival of evangelical Christianity† (Tejvan par. 2). Because of this, she would rarely refuse to tell people she was Christian, making her religious views hard to explain. However, Emily Dickinson defined herself as a pagan, and her religious views had a very strong influence on her poetry. As a Calvinist, Dickinson was brought up to believe that men were undoubtedly sinful and that most of humanity was doomed to hell. A small portion of humans would be saved, however, and throughout her life, there was an increasing pressure for Emily Dickinson to announce herself as the saved. Regardless, she never deemed herself saved, causing her to be seen as an outcast from the rest of her peers (Tejvan par. 2-5). At a first look at her poems, it would seem that she was an atheist, or just has a â€Å"lack of spiritual inclination† (Sumangali par. 2). Dickinson did not pay much attention, or was not able to grasp religious doctrine such as original sin. Emily Dickinson did attend church regularly, and the sermons she attended influenced her poetry. While she did not have identical beliefs to those surrounding her, Dickinson had a faith in her own spirituality, making her seem to have more knowledge of God than the people around her. She did not claim to fully understand God, or to have faith in all of His ways. Nonetheless, she did not fear God, or fear being sent to Hell (Sumangali par. 1-10). Therefore, she was not as religious-obsessed as the people around her. This could also explain why she lived in isolation, because as everyone else was caught up in trying to be saved, she was living out her life the way she wanted. Dickinson’s religious and spiritual outlooks are reflected in her poetry. The poem â€Å"Because I could not stop for Death† is one of Dickinson’s many poems influenced by her religion. In this poem, Dickinson is trying to depict herself from beyond the grave, as if she has already died. She describes how she was too caught up in her own life to be stopped by death; hence the title of this work. It also explains that she, unlike the people around her who are so focused on being saved by God when they die, was so busy with everything else to care. The first stanza in the poem, â€Å"Because I could not stop for Death / He kindly stopped for me / The Carriage held but just Ourselves / And Immortality† (â€Å"Because I could not stop for Death† 1-4), describes death practically picking up the author in a carriage with just themselves and immortality. Then in the second stanza, Death’s civility is Dickinson explaining that Death is teaching her to give up all of the things that had made her busy, so she could enjoy the Ã¢â‚¬Ë œride’ to the end of her life. The third stanza is Emily Dickinson explaining all of the things in the world that she is leaving behind, some that she was toopreoccupied to notice before. The transitions she uses between the stanzas, are of her leaving the old world and entering a different, gloomier one: â€Å"We passed the Setting Sun / Or rather – He passed us† (â€Å"Because I could not stop for Death† 12-13). In this stanza, she finally realizes that she is dead and her past life is gone. Her death becomes a bit physical too, with her describing her gown and the chill outside, and the same in the next stanza. The final stanza describes what Dickinson meant by Immortality in the beginning of the poem. She describes how, even though it had been centuries since she died, to her it only feels like a day (Cullina, Chainani, et al par.7-14). In this poem, Dickinson gives death a personality, and the personality she gives death reflects the personality she gives to God. She portrays death as a journey after a busy life, which lasts an eternity but does not feel very long at all. Another one of Emily Dickinson poems, â€Å"Some keep the Sabbath going to Church†, more literally relates to her view and practices of religion by describing faith. The first stanza in Dickinson’s poem talks about how different people keep their religious views alive. She says that â€Å"Some keep the Sabbath going to Church / I keep it, staying at Home† (â€Å"Some keep the Sabbath going to Church† 1-2). She describes that in going to the Sabbath, they are giving their faith to the Lord. She then goes on to say, that by staying home and worshipping God at home is keeping her faith and relationship with God in a more real and alive way. In the following stanza, she describes how some people wear their robes to prove their righteousness to God and the faith, while Dickinson does not need to prove her faith to others, she proved to herself enough how much God means to her, and does not need to try and prove her love of God to everyone else. This stanza helps explain that a person who has to convince others that they are true to God means that their inner self does not agree that they are as faithful as they really should be. S omeone who is truly faithful to God would not have to brag or show it off to the rest of the world, but they would know inside of themselves that however they act they will be sent up to heaven. The final stanza explains that God is always preaching, but the sermon is not the type heard at Church. He preaches every day and going to mass will not affect how He preaches. No matter if a person is faithful in others eyes or not, she explains that there is not any doubt of His undying love for His truly good, and faithful people. Emily Dickinson uses her poem to say that it is not necessary show off a person’s faith to others, to be rewarded with heaven. She says that true believers do not have to show off to the world the fact that they are going to heaven by wearing robes, attending mass, and declaring themselves â€Å"saved†. The true believers know that they are going all along, whether they prove it to everyone else or not (â€Å"Exposing the Hypocrisy of Religion in Emily Dickinson’s Some Keep the Sabbath Going to Church† par. 1-6). As religion has a strong influence on many people’s lifestyles, Emily Dickinson’s religion and her true spirituality had a strong influence on her poetry. Two of her poems, â€Å"Some Keep the Sabbath going to Church† and â€Å"Because I could not stop for Death† are both examples of how religion influenced her poetry. Works Cited Cullina, Alice, Soman Chainani, and et al. Emily Dickinsons Collected Poems Study Guide : Summary and Analysis of Because I could not stop for Death GradeSaver. N.p., 26 Jul 2009. Web. 30 Apr 2012. Dickinson, Emily. Some Keep The Sabbath Going to Church. Johnson, Thomas H. The Complete Poems of Emily Dickinson. New York: Back Bay Books, 30 Jan 1976. Print. Dickinson, Emily. Because I could not stop for Death. Johnson, Thomas H. The Complete Poems of Emily Dickinson. New York: Back Bay Books, 30 Jan 1976. Print. Emily Dickinson Poets.org. Poets.org. Academy of American Poets, n.d. Web. 10 Apr 2012. â€Å"Exposing the Hypocrisy of Religion in Emily Dickinson’s Some Keep the Sabbath Going to Church†. 123HelpMe.com. 30 Apr 2012 Pettinger, Tejvan R. Emily Dickinson Biography. BiographyOnline. N.p., 26 June 2006. Web. 10 Apr 2012. The Spirituality of Emily Dickinson†. Sumangali. N.p., 10 May 2008. Web. 10 Apr 2012.

The goal of the critically reflective teacher

The goal of the critically reflective teacher Ben Miller, writing about Stephen Brookfield, said that for Brookfield, the goal of the critically reflective teacher is to garner an increased awareness of his or her teaching from as many different vantage points as possible ((Miller 2010). I have chosen Brookfield as a model for self evaluation, as I believe, like Brookfield, in the value of the many different vantage points. That is not to devalue other models which encourage self reflection, and particularly where self reflection leads to action, but I believe using Brookfields four lenses, the autobiographical or self lens, the student lens, the peer lens, and the theoretical lens, can provide teachers with a more balanced view of themselves and their role. This is apparent in the DTLLS course that I am following (University of Warwick 2009). I can see Brookfield in the way in which tutors are encouraged to use different lenses through which to view their teaching, reflect and act on reflection. When this is a continuous process, it provides a good model for continuing professional development. For example, being alert for trigger incidents, and reflecting on how these affect teaching uses the autobiographical lens, as does reflection on observed sessions, before and after feedback; engaging with student feedback to gain insight into their viewpoint uses the student lens; carrying out and reflecting on peer observations and discussions with a mentor relates to the peer lens; and reference throughout to underpinning theories provides a theoretical lens. Brookfield also states (Brookfield 1995), that we become critically reflective by hunting assumptions. Assumptions are the taken for granted beliefs about the world, and our place within it. Reflecting on trigger incidents can often provide a starting point for hunting assumptions (Brookfield 1995). One of my trigger incidents led me to question my assumption that all ESOL learners aspire to speaking English like native speakers. After spending time helping a learner with some writing, I began to appreciate that for some learners, it was important to know how native speakers use the language, but then to be able to make an informed choice, which might be a wish to keep a sense of cultural identity or individuality through use of accent, words or phrases which might not be what we would expect from a native English speaker. Brookfield distinguishes between three categories of assumptions paradigmatic, prescriptive, and causal. Paradigmatic are the structuring assumptions, the conceptual framework one uses to order the world into fundamental categories à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦ The facts as we know them to be true. He goes on to say that paradigmatic assumptions are examined critically only after a great deal of resistance to doing this. (Brookfield 1995) Prescriptive assumptions are about what we think ought to happen in certain situations, how teachers should act, and what good teaching practice is. Causal assumptions include our understanding of causal relationships. An example of a paradigmatic assumption given by Brookfield is to assume that all adults are self-directed learners but as Brookfield says, students can only make informed choices about what they need to know, how they can know it, and how they can know that they know it, on the basis of as full as possible an understanding of the learning terrain they are being asked to explore (Brookfield 1995). In an ESOL classroom where learners may not have the language to express what they want, or even the concept of what they need, or as one learner put it everybody has different ideas, which are difficult to accommodate within a group teaching session, one might want to question this assumption, as Brookfield did. Following this train of thought, current practice places much emphasis on negotiated learning plans and measurable learning goals, which implies the same assumption. But how can it be assumed that this is the right approach for all learners in all situations unless, using an institutional lens, it is seen in the light of providing organizations with a tool with which to measure achievement, which can be passed on to funders and stakeholders. Reflection on this was one reason I chose to look further into meaningful individual learning goals for my Action Research project. The very different assumption that all learning should be learner centred I find more difficult to question. For example, many students are in the situation of having limited funding and therefore limited time to study ESOL because of the need to find work, and therefore learning strategies for learning which can help them to continue to learn once they have left the class might be important for them, but they might not be able to express that need. Meeting such a need would be learner centred, but would not assume that learners were self directed, and achievement of such a need would be difficult to measure. Again using Brookfields example, a prescriptive assumption might be that good teachers are those who encourage self directed learning, and a causal assumption that if learners have negotiated individual learning plans and learning goals they will become more self directed. This might, in light of the above, lead one to think about what Brookfield refers to as hegemonic assumptions or erroneous assumptions the assumptions that seem to make our teaching lives easier, but are counterproductive in the long run (Brookfield 1995). From my own experience in the classroom, I have made erroneous assumptions regarding the abilities of pre literate learners in areas other than literacy, such as numeracy, which have sent me searching for information as to how being pre literate affects all areas of life, and also to use the peer lens by observing a tutor who is very experienced in teaching pre entry, pre literate learners, in addition to the theoretical lens. To try to step into the shoes of pre literate learners I find extremely difficulty, and full of surprises. I observed one learner who is not literate in her first language in an informal knit and natter group, where learners of all levels meet, knit and talk together. This learner wanted to knit a babys jacket, and learned to do so by shadowing another person while she knitted. On completion of the jacket, she immediately pulled it out and started again while it was fresh in her mind so that she would remember how to do it. On reflection, this is how I learned to bake as a child, and how many people arrive in this country, skilled in trades but without qualifications to match their skills, or hope of achieving these in the short term, as qualifications demand a high level of literacy. I have also observed this same student, trying to understand what someone is saying to her in English. She unconsciously repeats key words out loud, which appears to help her understanding, shadowing with words as she does with knitting. If shadowing is a learning strategy used by pre literate learners, I should be thinking about how to nurture it in the ESOL classroom. It would perhaps provide a rationale for using methods such as language experience as well as phonetics for teaching basic literacy. I find this an interesting area, and as part of my action plan, would like to look at research on this subject, to learn more and also whether and how my observations fit in with the research. Once hunting assumptions becomes part of reflective practice, the questioning of these will lead teachers to see the need to provide themselves with a rationale for all aspects of their teaching, from setting goals, to learning objectives to decisions about methods and activities. Again this relates to our DTLLS course, which asks for a rationale to be provided for observed sessions. As this thinking becomes part of a teachers day to day practice, it forces the questioning of assumptions. To enable teachers to provide a rationale behind their practice and to increase the probability that teachers will take informed action are among Brookfields reasons for critical reflection, as is To enliven the classroom by making it challenging, interesting and stimulating for students(King and Hibbison 2000) The latter seems to imply that teachers must be responsive. Brookfield also uses the phrase democratic learning environment (King and Hibbison 2000) to refer to a classroom in which all learners have a voice. If responsiveness and democracy are looked at in the light of Donald Schons notion of reflection in action or thinking on your feet (Smith 2001, updated 2009), Schon and Brookfield are not unrelated. I gave an example in one of my trigger incidents of a session in a pre entry class where two learners had been very upset about circumstances outside the classroom, and their problems had been met with interest and empathy from the rest of the class, which led to a session on language to express feelings e.g. worried/worried about etc. This was reflection in action, relating to what was important for those learners at that time, but also looking through Brookfields student lens and helping them to express what they wanted to say. Further, it took account of the holistic nature of teaching, and I was able afterwards to relate my response to findings of NRDC research into effective teaching and learning (Baynham et al 2007) which cites examples of where learners have brought the outside in to learning and this has been used effectively. Thus using Brookfields theoretical lens to support my actions, but also relating back to Schons notion of reflection in action. However, I have also experienced a less successful example of bringing the outside in when I felt that a lesson was becoming unfocused because the topic that came up, planning a trip, needed more thought and some resources. I decided to abandon the outside in and bring the learners back to the original lesson plan. My reflection on action involved a recognition that I had not been able, at the time, to produce a clear way forward, and that in such a situation, a potentially interesting topic might be better postponed for another session to allow for more careful thought and planning in order to optimise learning opportunities. Donald Schon refers to reflection in action as what happens when faced with an uncertain or unique situation, and reflection on action as what happens afterwards, reflecting on why we did what we did. Reflection in action depends upon building up experiences and ideas that can be drawn upon. In the case of the two incidents mentioned above, in which one worked as a spontaneous change of direction, and one did not, this lead to reflection on action which in turn added to my repertoire of experience and will hopefully enable me to react more appropriately next time. The unfamiliar becomes familiar and can act as a precedent when reflection in action is linked to reflection on action (Smith 2001, updated 2009). Schons reflection on action would allow for the inclusion of different vantage points, for example, discussions with supervisors or peers, but does not explicitly state this, as I think Brookfield is helpful in doing. Also, Brookfields notion of questioning assumptions, which forces teachers not only to provide a rationale for their teaching, but also question the rationale behind institutional processes and decision making, does not come into Schons model. While acknowledging the value of Schons model of reflective practice, I found I preferred that of Stephen Brookfield, and I chose to carry out my self evaluation with reference to Brookfields four critical lenses, using this to develop my action plan (appendix 1). Using Brookfields autobiographical, or self, lens to reflect on the two incidents described above which relate to my own teaching, I have put in my action plan to be sensitive to opportunities for bringing the outside in, but also to recognise when this is better postponed to allow for more careful thought and planning Being sensitive to opportunities for bringing the outside into the classroom also involves the student lens and will allow for a more holistic approach, connecting learners lives with their learning, and providing meaningful contexts, as well as a supportive learning atmosphere. My observation feedback enabled me to use the self lens to reflect on some strengths, and also on areas for improvement. I had recognized a need to embed numeracy into ESOL, particularly for pre literate, pre numerate learners, but my inexperience in this area had led me to pitch the numeracy element too high. Reflection on what pre numeracy really meant for pre literate learners allowed me to take a step back and look at activities relating to language, which could also help numeracy skills. This would go into my action plan as introducing activities which involve skills which are transferable between language and numeracy such as sequencing, handling money, measuring, singular and plural etc. and a search for literature around the effects of no first language literacy and no previous formal education on all areas of life and learning. My observation feedback also picked up on the lack of a plenary at the end of my observed session, which led to reflection on how this could also be used as a way of developing organizational skills in students and highlighting organizing learning as a learning strategy. My action plan will include encouraging learners to keep a diary of what they have learnt, to complete at the end of each session and to observe the effect on learners of organization as a learning strategy. This diary will also form part of my Action Research as it will be linked to learning goals. Using Brookfields student lens, I have incorporated into the plenary diary a space for learners comments. Part of my action plan will be to reflect on, and if necessary, act on this feedback. Peer observations and discussions with peers brought in Brookfields peer lens. I carried out three peer observations during which I focussed on activities for pre literate learners, family learning numeracy fun with numbers, and, following a discussion with a tutor who I know to be very organized, organizational skills and the effect of these on learners. Following my observation and reflection I have included in my action plan a need to build up a bank of good quality resources for pre entry learners that can be used in different ways and in more than one session, for example, the tutor I observed had cards with pictures of symptoms and cards with matching words. She used these to play a team game of pelmanism using blu tack and the whiteboard. These same cards could be used as flashcards to introduce vocabulary, in games such as pelmanism to aid memory and word recognition, to practice alphabetical order, to stimulate role play, as a card game to practice Ive got.. and Have you go tà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦ etc. From the family learning numeracy session I took away ideas to use with pre entry learners to help them both in class by creating activities, and outside class using these activities to play with their children. Extending this idea of taking the inside out, I have also organized a separate reading group session in the central library in collaboration with the librarian who, every three weeks, provides space, tea and coffee. This is for all levels, but for pre entry, encourages them to use the library, and look at picture books, which they can take home and read with their children. Also in my action plan will be to continue with peer observation after the course has finished as a useful way of continuing my own professional development both by learning from others and by getting feedback on my teaching. Finally, using Brookfields theoretical lens. I refer earlier in this assignment to NRDC Effective Teaching and Learning ESOL which reports on the findings of researchers working with ESOL tutors. These findings are very much about the effectiveness of using meaningful contexts for teaching, and also about a project involving learners bringing the outside into the classroom, which the tutor used as a context for further sessions. I find this piece of research has changed the way I teach in that I now enjoy using what learners bring into the classroom when it is of interest to others in the class. Sometimes this can change the direction of a whole session, as mentioned earlier, sometimes it can be just a few minutes of someone telling a story and others asking questions, sometimes it provides material for another session. Referring to this research has given me confidence to move away from a planned session if it seems appropriate and interesting. Another piece of writing I have found useful is Scott Thornburys book Uncovering Grammar (Thornbury 2005), particularly dealing with interlanguage, and referring to the idea that language is not learnt in a straight line, which has caused me again to question the value of setting measurable goals for ESOL learners. The activities in Scott Thornburys book for noticing grammar and making learners aware of the gaps between where they are and where they want, or need, to be, fit in well with the NRDC research findings on the effectiveness of providing a meaningful context (Baynham et al 2007). Using learners experience as a context is a good starting point for this awareness raising. I would like to continue to look for interesting ideas to try out in my teaching, and theories, which might support what I am doing, as I believe this will give me increased confidence in the classroom. In my action plan I have written that I will subscribe to a journal, which I find has useful articles and book reviews. I would also like to use the internet to look for articles on pre literate ESOL learners, and what effect this has on other areas such as numeracy, memory, interpreting pictures, learning strategies etc. to gain a better understanding which will help me in my teaching at this level. Before concluding this assignment, I would like to mention one more critical incident which I witnessed recently. The incident happened in a mixed class when a muslim woman, allowed her scarf to slip off her head as she was absorbed in her work. A young man from Afghanistan who had very recently arrived in the UK shouted at the woman in a language they both understood, and she reacted by tightening the scarf round her head to cover her hair. This made me think back to Brookfields idea of a democratic environment and to reflect on the difficulty of maintaining this when there are such culturally strong power relationships. I concluded that to Brookfields lenses, I would need to add a cultural lens in order to see the incident both through the eyes of the young man, and the women, and in order to reflect on my own reaction to the incident, and my own assumptions about gender relationships. I later had an interesting discussion with a higher level group who are mostly muslim on this inc ident. Culture comes into the ESOL classroom in many different ways, and used sensitively, can be a valuable resource. For this assignment I chose to use Stephen Brookfield as a model of reflective practice and self assessed using his four critically reflective lenses. However I also referred to Donald Schon and his idea of reflection in action and reflection on action. I found that, although there are differences between the two models, such as Brookfields use of four lenses which play an almost equally important role, while Schon uses the self first and foremost; and also Brookfields questioning of assumptions which do not come into Schons model, I found it useful to be aware of both. While Stephen Brookfields model of reflective practice is my preferred one, I can see that there are times when I will use Donald Schons model. Schon also includes the idea of a spiral of reflection, where reflection in action and reflection on action lead to change, and reflection on that change. As with teaching where the teacher will not use just one method, but pick and choose from many, so with reflective practice, there will be times when one model appeals more than another, or enhances another. As teachers are involved in continuous professional development, there will be opportunities to be eclectic. Wordcount 3,372

Advantages And Disadvantages Of Shareholder Value Approach Finance Essay

Advantages And Disadvantages Of Shareholder Value Approach Finance Essay Nowadays shareholder value approach reflects to a modern management philosophy, which implies that an organization measures its success by enriching its shareholders. Shareholders or stockholders are individuals or institutions that owns in a legally form shares of a corporation. They are considered to be a subset of stakeholders, which are all individuals or communities, who have a direct or indirect interest in the business entity (e.g. suppliers, customers, government, competitors etc.). The philosophy of the shareholder approach attempts to increase the organizations value by enhancing firms earnings, by increasing the market value of corporations shares and by increasing also the frequency or amount of dividend paid  [1]  . Furthermore according to many business analysts shareholder value approach provides managers with clear mission and it facilitated decision making. Whether is it reasonable or not for the managers and the overall welfare of the organization, this is something, which is analyzed later on the seminar paper. All these objectives, companies strive to achieve, make this value analysis a traditional business measurement used in business today. The idea is that shareholders money should be used to earn a higher return than it could by investing in other assets with same amount of money and risk. It was developed in the 1980s by Alfred Rappaport and it can be used to estimate the value of shareholders Stake in a company or a business unit and also as basis for meeting and evaluating strategic decisions. Furthermore there is a pervasive consensus that managers should strive to maximize shareholder value and by doing so helps the organization to maximize social welfare. According to Hansmann and Kraakman, 2000, most widespread arguments is that corporate managers should act exclusively in the economic interest of shareholders and that the best means to this end, the pursuit of aggregate social welfare, is to make corporate managers strongly accountable to shareholder interest. In fact a precious tool for measuring all the above is the Shareholder Value Analysis, which follows later on the seminar paper, examining also the advantages and disadvantages of its implementation and function. Furthermore will be discussed the financial arguments and the reasonability of the Shareholder Value Maximization as long as relationship between the shareholder value, ethics and social responsibility as well. SHAREHOLDER VALUE ANALYSIS Shareholders value analysis (SVA) is also known as value based management. Its lead by the principle that the management of a company should take into consideration the shareholders interest and advantages before meets any decision, set short-term or long-term objectives and decide companys strategy as well. SVA is a characteristic substitute for trade business measurement, which has improved a lot by time passing. Due to the fact that companys value is calculated based on the value returned to its shareholders, in the past had been criticized for being either short-term measured or only based in past figures. SVA takes a longer-term view and is about measuring and managing cash-flows over time.  [2]  The shareholder value is calculated by estimating the total net value of the company and dividing the figure by the value of shares. Once the value has been calculated the company can set targets and objectives for improvement and measure also its managing performance. For a successful implementation of shareholder value analysis first managers should understand and calculate the organizations shareholder value and gain top management commitment. SVA believes that to assess business performance though maximization of shareholder value is an objective to be accepted by the top management to be achieved and part of the root of the organization. Furthermore managers should identify the key value drivers of the organization and set performance targets providing a framework also with assigning responsibilities to individual managers, reviewing the financial performance of the business and developing strategic plans. To continue with, the approach should be communicated and the staff must be trained. In many case in order to effectively reach the SVA companies are willing to change also the organizations information systems to monitor and measure performance. It is important also to mention that the creation of sustained value will require permanent moni toring and thats mainly the reason for the managers to monitor review progress and refine the targets.  [3]   ADVANTAGES OF SHAREHOLDER VALUE ANALYSIS Shareholder value analysis has as principal that the management of a company should first consider the interest and the advantage of the shareholders, before it meets any decision. The Advantages of Shareholder Value Analysis are performed as follows: It provides a long term financial view on which to base strategic decisions It provides a universal approach that is not subject to the particular accounting policies that are adopted. It is therefore internationally applicable and can be used across sectors It forces the organization to focus on the future and its customers, in particular the value of future cash flows. DISANDVANTAGES OF SHAREHOLDER VALUE ANALYSIS However disadvantages of the shareholder value analysis are performed as follows: Estimation of future cash flows, a key component of SVA can be extremely difficult to complete accurately. This can lead to incorrect or misleading figures forming the basis of strategic decisions. Development and implementation of the system can be long and complex. Management of shareholder value requires more complete information than traditional measures.  [4]   PRINCIPLES AND DECLARATION ABOUT SHAREHOLDER VALUE MAXIMIZATION The commitment of an organization among shareholders is not a theoretical future goal of an organization but is very often stated to the companys mission statement. Usually firms aim at shareholder value creation and maximization when they make claims such us we create value for our shareholders, we want to provide excellent return for our shareholders, and we have a responsibility to our shareholders. Our mission is to remain a strong and independent financial services organization creating value for shareholders, customers, employees and the communities where we do business, while maintaining the highest standards of business ethics. Mission statement, Chemung Canal, Trust company Many academics through the years had an overall perspective that managers should strive to maximize shareholder value and that doing so maximizes social welfare. According to this belief managers should act in the economic interest of their shareholders and thats the fundamental objective of the shareholders. As the shareholder value is difficult to influence directly by any manager, it is usually broken down in components or value drivers, such us revenue, operating margin, cash tax rate, Investment in Working capital, Cost of capital and competitive advantage period.  [5]  Though it is important to mention that quick profit doesnt give return to shareholders; usually competitive advantage takes care of it. If a business choose to sell lower standard products to reduce cost and gain quick profit it may have the danger that its reputation will be destroyed, will lose competitive advantage and the price of its shares will be reduced. Is the shareholder value maximization a healthy defined target for the organizations? Nowadays no country, not even the shareholder-friendly USA has a legal requirement that managers act absolutely in shareholders advantage and in fact the law makes it legal for directors to consider also other interest. Although firm that are willing to have an openly commitment to shareholders seem to do better in comparison with others, there is no case that make shareholders value maximization the societys most desirable corporate target or that competitive markets for goods, capital and labor pressure managers to seek on that specific goal.  [6]   Furthermore, markets are incomplete; meaning that profit maximization is not well defined and possible conflicts of interest cannot be prevented or in many cases resolved. Under this assumption financial researches have shown that stakeholder-oriented firms are usually more successful than shareholder-oriented firms, because market forces are forcing them to do so. What role do market forces play in the shareholder value maximization? Competitive markets are playing a significant role to this argument because they can push managers to act on interest of all stakeholders. Usually they are pushing inefficient firms to cut costs and focus on customer needs rather than shareholders interest. Managers can survive the challenges of competition even though they do not maximize economic profits; but capital markets have this role. It seems that capital markets do not leave managers another way but maximizing shareholders interest and doing so maximizing companys welfare. If investors with many shares of an organization feel that share are going more and more down and start losing money, they may try to take action and influence the decision making, which could mean that managers are risking their jobs. All in all the combination of the different market forces are those, who can affect or even force managers to act in advantage of stakeholders. A mentioned the basic principles of shareholder value maximization are not clearly defined for the market and even if so, are not in many cases reasonable and possible in the real world. Corporate social responsibility is one of the main targets organizations are focusing, because it keeps them competitive and acting in an ethical way can also achieve the maximization of shareholder value. Let us take a closer look to CSR and how can affect the overall shareholder value approach. SHAREHOLDER VALUE AND SOCIAL RESPONSIBILITY How managers and organizations respond to ideas of corporate responsibility is expressed by the idea that organizations have external environment with an interest in, or who are affected by what the organization does. Additional to this are the ethical investors advocating care for the natural environment. With the term ethical investors are mined those people who are investing only in businesses that meet specified criteria of ethical behavior. These stakeholders can affect in a negative way the organization and its environment if they disapprove managers policies among things like: Negative publicity in local and national media Direct action and protests Threats or actual legal action Withholding planning or other permissions necessary for operations If managers can satisfy shareholders expectation they will maintain their support and they will also increase shareholder value. If not investors will flee from unethical companies or those who are not respecting the responsibility among stakeholders, mistreating for example their employees or the environment. Characteristic examples are Nike, Union Carbide and Exxon Mobil. The expectations of the financially centered investors are not only high return on investment but strong corporate responsibility and reputation as well  [7]  . After all corporations have a strong social and environmental impact and role. Businesses need the approval of the society to make profit and as follows to return value to its shareholders. If policymakers, investors and executives want to address corporate responsibility, the corporate governance must be coupled with global corporate social responsibility, which can be defined as business practices based on ethical values and respect for the internal and external environment of the company, such as employees and committees.  [8]   It is important to mention that being social responsible in a proactive way can create an opportunity for the firm to strategically alter production and translate innovation into competitive advantage. This is consistent with Russo and Fouts (1977) who successfully mentioned that environmental management and the associated performance outcome are integral parts of effective management, whereby a pollution prevention policy builds organizational commitment and increase employee productivity and participation. In that way they show also a link between the level of social responsibility and the return on invested shares. Managers dont face a tradeoff between financial performance for the shareholders and eco-efficiency and investors may be able to usefully incorporate environmental information into investment decision.  [9]   However shareholders cannot simply rely on market forces to ensure corporate responsibility because although market has encouraged more and more organizations to act in consideration of social responsibility, market forces have not been sufficient to ensure such a behavior over times. In many case we see that such responsible organizations may have higher costs, which may allow competitors to gain market share. Does a social sustainable environment return value on shareholders? Finally is there any relation between companies on best practices in an ethical way and the returned value on their shareholders? In some cases highly ranked companies do outperform the market (e.g. Filbeck, Gorman and Preece, 1977) while in some other case the returned value on their shareholders is significantly low (e.g. Kolodny, Laurence and Ghosh). Many of the socially responsible studies center among big organizations are performed to diversified stock market indices.  [10]  Many economists do not find statistically significant difference between the earnings of socially responsible funds compared to more traditional funds. In fact many big organizations in India have made a research over the past ten years in order to explore this relationship between dimension of ethics and CSR and shareholder returns. According to National Stock Exchange of India social responsible companies are not expected to perform higher than companies focused only to the economical welfare. CONCLUSION To sum up, shareholder value is something more than a simple organizational approach; its a management philosophy reflecting on the overall firms success, providing managers with a clear mission and facilitating decision making. The most important tool for enhancing this managerial approach is the shareholder value analysis, which gives managers all the principles needed in order to take shareholders advantage into consideration before any decision making and also provides them with practical steps in order to increase firms and investors value from top to the bottom. On the other hand, shareholder value approach often need estimation of future cash flows, which can be very difficult to complete and the development of such a system can be complex for an organization. According to many mission statements of firms, the increasing of shareholders value maximizes social welfare. But this can be reasonable only with the correct strategies and objectives in order to increase profit, gain competitive advantage and consequently return value to the investors; quick profit through lower quality products can damage not only firms reputation but also reduce the price of the shares. Although there are not legal requirements for the organizations in most countries to act in advantage of shareholders interest, and shareholder value maximization is not a clear target for the modern economies, capital markets are the ones which force managers to do so. It is important to mention that this factor is not the most important one for organizations to win competitive advantage, because they mostly have to take under consideration all stakeholders; however is one that could threat their jobs, when investors see their shares undervalued. Closing and adding to all the above external environment is affected in the same way and maybe more in comparison to the internal one. Ethical organizations and those, who are acting on interest of corporate social responsibility and consequently can affect positively the stakeholders (including customers, communities, society etc.), are able to gain ethical investors and maintain their support. For any business action society is the one, which will give the approval to make profit and as follows return value to the shareholders. Shareholder Value Approach is a strategic thinking in modern business management. It shows the balance between competitive advantage, value creation and business strategy. I would like to close this project with a phrase that George S. Day, executive director of the marketing Science Institute Cambridge, successfully generates: For a strategy to win in the marketplace, it must create sustainable advantage; only when a strategy wins in the marketplace can it generate sustained shareholder value.  [11]  

Women and the Holocaust Essay -- essays research papers

Women and the Holocaust   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  The Jewish female is like the ovule of a flower, it spreads its seeds to create future generations. It is known that the true root of a Jewish person lies in the hands of his/her mother. As it was once said by Golda Meir, à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã…“To be successful, a woman has to be much better at her job than a man.à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬? (Golda Meir Quotes par. 1). And in fact it is true, that women had to be better than man to survive the holocaust, but not only to survive the holocaust but to live on to tell the stories, and to spread Judaism. Although every Jewish person was equally a victim in the genocide of the holocaust, the Jewish women were one of the main targets. This is because the Jewish women were connected to the à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã…“race struggleà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬? of Nazism, for the women carried the next generation of Jews. The Jewish women of Europe were taken from their homes by the Nazis and killed, and the ones who escaped ended up carrying on Judaism. If it was not for th ese surviving women, there would be no Jewish population today.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Jewish women were known to place the life of their families ahead of their own. They would sacrifice and work until death to save their childrenà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s life. They were women of valor, full of courage and strength. In the lineup when the S.S. called à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã…“LEFT!à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â‚¬ RIGHT!à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬? Those two words determined the end of their life. The ones who lived were tortured and the ones who died were sent off to peace. Rape was a common a... Women and the Holocaust Essay -- essays research papers Women and the Holocaust   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  The Jewish female is like the ovule of a flower, it spreads its seeds to create future generations. It is known that the true root of a Jewish person lies in the hands of his/her mother. As it was once said by Golda Meir, à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã…“To be successful, a woman has to be much better at her job than a man.à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬? (Golda Meir Quotes par. 1). And in fact it is true, that women had to be better than man to survive the holocaust, but not only to survive the holocaust but to live on to tell the stories, and to spread Judaism. Although every Jewish person was equally a victim in the genocide of the holocaust, the Jewish women were one of the main targets. This is because the Jewish women were connected to the à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã…“race struggleà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬? of Nazism, for the women carried the next generation of Jews. The Jewish women of Europe were taken from their homes by the Nazis and killed, and the ones who escaped ended up carrying on Judaism. If it was not for th ese surviving women, there would be no Jewish population today.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Jewish women were known to place the life of their families ahead of their own. They would sacrifice and work until death to save their childrenà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s life. They were women of valor, full of courage and strength. In the lineup when the S.S. called à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã…“LEFT!à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â‚¬ RIGHT!à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬? Those two words determined the end of their life. The ones who lived were tortured and the ones who died were sent off to peace. Rape was a common a...