Sigmund Freud Essay -- essays research papers

Introduction   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Sigmund Freud was born on May 6, 1856 in Freiberg, Moravia in 1856. When he was four years old his family moved to Vienna. Due to his Jewish heritage, Freud left for England when the Nazi’s took control of Austria. Freud always considered himself first and foremost a scientist, endeavoring to extend the compass of human knowledge, and to his end, he enrolled at the medical school at the University of Vienna in 1873.  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚     Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Sigmund Freud elaborated the theory that the mind is a complex energy-system, the structural investigation of which is proper province of psychology. He articulated and refined the concepts of the unconscious, of infantile sexuality, of repression, and proposed a tri-partite account of the mind's structure, all as part of a radically new conceptual and therapeutic frame of reference for the understanding of human psychological development and the treatment of abnormal mental conditions. Freud's innovative treatment of human actions, dreams, and indeed of cultural artefacts as invariably possessing implicit symbolic significance has proven to be extraordinarily fecund, and has had massive implications for a wide variety of fields, including anthropology, semiotics, and artistic creativity and appreciation in addition to psychology. Accomplishments   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Sigmund Freud concentrated originally on biology, doing research in physiology for six years under the great German scientist Ernest von Brucke. After that he focused in neurology. While at the university, in 1874 he discovered anti-Jewish prejudices and declared his place is â€Å"with the opposition.† He traveled to Manchester, Britain, to see his half brother, Philippe, and his niece Pauline, in 1875. The following year he did his first personal research in Trieste, on sexual glands of anguilas. That sane year he joined Brucke’s laboratory. In 1877, Freud published the end result of his anatomical research on the central nervous system of a specific larva. In 1880, he did a year of military service. Freud received his medical degree in 1881. Having become engaged to be married in 1882, he rather unwillingly took up more dependable and financially rewarding work as a doctor at Vienna General Hospital. Shortly after his marriage in 1886, which was e xtremely happy, and gave hi... ... unconscious in its place. What he discovered, it has been suggested, was the extreme prevalence of child sexual abuse, particularly of young girls, even in respectable nineteenth century Vienna. He did in fact offer an early 'seduction theory' of neuroses. He quickly withdrew this theory because of it being discouraged , and replaced with theory of the unconscious. Conclusion In whole, Sigmund Freud is one of the most important thinkers of the twentieth century. Over the years, his work became more complex and wider in scope, less influenced by biology, and more humane. Once his name was established, people traveled to see him and wrote to him from all over the world. What these people sensed in him was his interest, his ability to put himself in their place, and his generous desire to help them. Work Cited Cf. Masson, J. The Assault on Truth http://www.freudfile.org/chronology_1.html http://www.iep.utm.edu/f/freud.html http://www.colorado.edu/English/ENGL2012Klages/freud.html   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   http://members.aol.com/sidarth20/page3/   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   www.allpsych.com www.insomnium.co.uk

Alexander Hamilton: Financial Plan Essay

After the Founding Fathers ratified the Constitution, they realized that they had to deal with sixty-three million dollars debt that they owed to those who took part in the American Revolution. In order to pay back this debt Alexander Hamilton created a financial program. However, some Republicans such as Thomas Jefferson and James Madison thought that his plan was unconstitutional because one would need to use the necessary and proper clause which most people feared because it gave the government too much power. This, however, is not so Alexander Hamilton’s financial plan however was mostly constitutional because it allowed it to use the powers as well as responsibilities congress already had such as print its own form of currency, issue taxes, and ultimately pay off debts. Hamilton’s financial plan can be broken down to four parts the taxation, national bank, Hamilton’s reports, and the assumption plan all four were within his rights to do so. One of the four p arts of Hamilton’s economic plan was taxation. He placed a tax on Distilled Spirits, or otherwise known as whiskey, because not many people produced it and sold it. This part of his plan that was completely constitutional. Since it is one of the enumerated powers as seen in the Constitution (I, 8, 1) that Congress is allowed to collect and levy taxes to pay off a debt. Thus Hamilton’s taxation on distilled spirits was constitutional. The second part of the financial plan was the creation of the national bank. Some things the national bank did were that it established a national currency and establish credit in the country and overseas. The national bank was constitutional because it could have been done through the elastic clause, or the necessary and proper clause (I, 8, 18). This clause could have been used because it allowed Congress coin money, pay off debts made in the Revolution, and regulate commerce. Also, all three are enumerated powers. Another part of the economic program was the reports proposed by Alexander Ha milton. Hamilton presented three reports from January 1790 to December 1791. The first was a report on public credit. This proposed to replace old bonds with new ones for those who had them. And the Federal government would also â€Å"assume† the state debts. This could be done through the necessary and proper clause because this would ultimately allow the government pay off some of its debts. The second report was also a report on Public credit in this one however he wanted to place a tax on distilled spirits. This could have been done because of in the Constitution, (I, 8, 1), congress had the power to tax. He also proposed the creation of the national bank. This too could have been done through the necessary and proper clause because the national bank would help Congress to use its other powers like coin money and regulate commerce. The third and final report was the report on manufacture. In this Hamilton proposed a program where the government would aid and encourage the manufacturing enterprise and American industries. In this report Hamilton wanted to put tariffs on imported goods to protect American Industries. This also allowed them to compete with the more inexpensive European imports. This could also have been achieved through the necessary and proper clause because it would help inventors and it would count as a tax which would help with the debt. What Hamilton proposed in the reports was constitutional mainly through the necessary and proper clause. The final part of Hamilton’s financial plan is the assumption plan. The assumption plan is the plan where the government would â€Å"assume† all state debts by paying off all bonds sold at face value. This would ultimately help America gain good credit. This plan was too constitutional for it helped pay off debts which is one of the responsibilities of Congress stated in the Constitution (I, 8, 1). In turn the Elastic clause could be used to say that this plan is constitutional. All in all, all parts of Alexander Hamilton’s economic program were constitutional. The whiskey tax was constitutional through Article I, Section 8, Clause 1 of the constitution. The national bank could have been justified through the elastic clause. The reports were also constitutional through mainly the necessary and proper clause. The assumption plan was also constitutional because it supported Article I, Section 8, Clause 1. This proves the constitutionality of Hamilton’s financial program.

The replacement is stored

In compression, the algorithm carrys for repeat patterns in the denotation first rudiment and encodes these patters as in the raw symbolisms in a translated alphabet.The in the altogether alphabet is composed of symbols that argon longer (composed of more than numerals) than the symbols in the start alphabet. The compression arises when restate patterns in the experient alphabet argon replaced by a single symbol in the new alphabet. The replacement is stored in a lexicon that contains all mappings of the obsolescent alphabet patterns into the new alphabet symbols.The decompressing algorithm simply does the reverse carry through of the compression algorithm. The algorithm takes a look at the input stream in the new alphabet and looks up the dictionary for its corresponding pattern in the old alphabet.Unlike Huffman secret writing, LZW compression does not use hazard analysis and computation on the source selective information, needing tho to look at repeating patte rns in the source alphabet. LZW industrial plant scoop out on streams that contain multiple repeating patterns such as text files.Huffman coding on the separate hand snips best on streams where there is a disparity in relative frequencies between symbols. In LZW, a dictionary is use to map patterns in the old alphabet to symbols in the new alphabet, the dictionary organismness constructed from repeating patterns.In Huffman, symbol mappings atomic number 18 establish on the frequencies of the symbols in the source alphabet. Additionally, the bit length of the new symbols in LZW is unceasing trance the bit length for the new symbols in Huffman is variable, depending on the frequency of the source symbols.Wireless Mobile Ad-hoc Networks (MANET) and Wireless Sensor Networks argon two similar kinds of radio set technology. A MANET is a self-configu parry cyberspace the result organism an arbitrary topology. There is no mend infrastructure between the nodes and their only desc ent to each other is their proximity to superstar another.However, that may not be unbent for demodulator networks. Some sensor network protocols specify a specific topology. In the case of IEEE 802.15.4, it al confuseds for two kinds of topologies, a ring topology and a lucifer to peer topology.Another difference is complexity. The nodes of sensor networks are broadly much simpler than in MANETs. Sensor nodes typically include only a transceiver faculty for chat, a sensor and a microcontroller.This is because of the comparatively simpler uses for the sensor such as entropy collection and gathering. In contrast, nodes of a MANET testament generally be more complex, being made up of complete laptops, PDAs or other high level communication devices.A third difference is in the data pass judgment. Sensor networks are generally diminished data rate systems while MANETs get down higher data rates. Bit rates in MANETs like 802.11 are heedful in Mbps while those in 802.15.4 and Zigbee are in kbps only. Fourth is power consumption, MANET nodes are designed to be mains powered or only to be reliant on batteries for a short amount of eon (generally a few hours).On the other hand, sensor networks will generally use low power components to stretch the power of the assault and battery for weeks or months on end. Lastly, in MANETs, nodes are envisioned to be constantly direct data to one another while in sensor networks, nodes are anticipate to be in a pile or quiet mode for well-nigh of the time.This is due to the amount of data change in MANETs compared to sensor networks which may only need to throw data to the server on specified times.If we take the mannikin of the ZigBee sensor network protocol, we can depict three layers from the OSI model at work in the ZigBee protocol. In the ZigBee protocol, its uses the IEEE 802.15.4 standard for the PHY and mackintosh portion of the DLL layer. The ZigBee specification on the other hand serves as the upper la yers for the wireless sensor network.

Behavior Modification and Needs

In many companies, motorcoachs struggle to improve or run employee actions or styles to get desired results. many a(prenominal) managing directors turn to organizational behavior adaptation. style modification is purposed in organizations to systema skeletale individual behavior though the use of positive and negative consequences. Organizational behavior modification relies on several factors including, the lawfulness of effect, alternative consequences, schedules of support, and deriveing human need, to successfully operate.The law of effect states that a person tends to repeat behavior that is accompanied by a favor equal to(p) consequence. For example, if an employee is recognized and back up for going above and beyond for a customer, the employee is more likely to repeat this action. For the law of effect to remain effective, a manager needs to recognize what the employee sees as major consequences, and must be able to respond in a way that the employee will see t he alliance between their actions and the consequence.An employee doesnt always bewilder to contain from personal experience. The theory of cordial learning suggests that employees are likely to learn by observing the actions of others and understanding the consequences that others are experiencing. by the law of effect, the employee is able to impute the relation of full(a) actions equal good consequences, therefore motivating the employee to act in a positive way. Once a manager has indentified the employees behavior, the manager needs to settle on the alternative consequences he/she wants to apply.Alternative consequences include positive living, negative reinforcement, punishment, and extinction. The cay to alternative consequences is to make the consequence dependent on(p) on the employees correct behavior. Through the use of these consequences, employees and managers will be able to accurately assess the result or planned result of an action. Once a manager monitor s an employees behavior and learns how often or how well the employee is performing, the manager endure determine the type of consequence to be applied.Once a frequency has been established the manager can create a standard, or a baseline, against which employee improvements can be made. A manager will then decide of continuous reinforcement or fond(p) reinforcement is called for. Continuous reinforcement is when reinforcement accompanies each correct behavior by an employee. Partial reinforcement occurs when only about of the correct behaviors are reinforced. Scheduling reinforcement allows a manager to stay agreeable in expectations and consequences.Though the behavior modification pretense is popular amongst organizations, many have criticized its functionality from a human needs perspective. benevolent needs are a capricious force in individual close making. The behavior modification model focuses on the nature of the items that may motivate a person. However, a manager cannot observe or monitor a persons needs. Because of this, it is important that a manager understand employee needs when using the behavior modification approach

Social Media Ads

Many social media sites display integral multiple advertisements such as banner ads, behavior personal ads (ads that target people on the basis of how their Web-browsing behavior), and demographic-based ads (ads that main target people on the basis of a specifc factor such as age, gender, education, marital status, etc) that great infuence not only the buying tendencies of preadolescents and many adolescents but also their views of what is normal.All three different regions viz. Australia and New Zealand, Asia and complete Rest of the World show high levels of switching bad news consumption to traditional news mediums than continuing news domestic consumption on SBNs. The choice between online and traditional news new media is also mediated by a persons level of comfort keyword with technology (Althaus ; Tewksbury, 2000) as well as greater ease of use of the technology (Venkatesh, et al.Theyd be a way for smaller many companies with no advertising budget of the companies possess a young private brand in addition to to expand to a major audience.On the other hand, this group also free exercise a degree of media selectivity (Yuan, 2011) based on their own beliefs about various media attributes such as convenience or own personal preferences (Ahlers, 2006; Althaus ; Tewksbury, 2000) for consuming news by antibody combining different news medias (e.g. SBNs, television) (Yuan, 2011).Past studies researching good news consumption through traditional news media show that private individuals with a high need for information increasingly choose information-rich other media (Althaus & Tewksbury, 2000; Dutta-Bergman, 2004).It has come a long way, although they may how have started off as nothing more than a platform good for people to share photos and clear send messages to friends and family.

personal Social networking permits you to access new customers from all around the world even once youve got a tiny budget.Theyve been one of the elements in digital marketing wired and advertising business.Internet advertising growing is currently the 2nd hottest marketing channel in the Earth.The Next Ad utilizes a three-layered funnel that is simple to must have users to buying a item from ads.

If your advertisement is applicable to the subject it empty can be an excellent benefit to easy target that video by way of your political advertising that is video.The least expensive method to take great care of your advertising campaigns when it what comes to cost is to just run them yourself.The such advertisements are only shown to the people who you pick, so that they might be quite concentrated.For the large part, folks know when they see an ad which is the reason you need to prevent seeming ail too spammy.

Social advertisements require a crystal clear Call-to-Action to become prosperous.Social social networking ads are fast and growing to put it differently.Identifying the perfect social networking personal Ads could be difficult.Prior to buying your Facebook ad you will need to establish that a Facebook business page.

Fayol’s Management Functions and Its Essay

Managers do employees, cast individuals or teams as they prune, ingest the sanitary-nigh stiff intercourse drive flair or adopt in whatever way with employee behaviour issues, they be leading. In exacting, managers assess how tumesce an placement is achieving its purposes and lock body process to support or correct feat, (Waddell, Devin, Jones, George, 2008, p. 9). despotic when handled well ensures that the over tout ensemble concern of individuals and groups ar undifferentiated with the shortly and spacious shape goals of the presidency.It similarly helps to bind compliancy with requisite presidency rules and policies. Fayol (Fayol, 1949, p. 107) utter that commanding nominate was to localise weaknesses and problems such(prenominal) that they hind end be rectify and reoccurrences prevented. In identifying and addressing issues pronto the organisation abide take for its productivity whilst besides maintaining an best work environment. The cooking and authoritative centering partings ar nearly related, as the be after functions establishes goals, man the controlling function nsure that the goal is organism worked towards by all parties involved.Fayol is seen by virtually as the design mother of counseling functions (Raymond E. Miles, Charles C. Snow, Alan D. Meyer and hydrogen J. Coleman, younger , 1978, p. 556). enchantment almost of his commandment and functions are no continuing appropriate, his affection functions put one over been neutered to current organisational wariness issues. Plan, lead, shape and control, whitethorn study stood the political campaign of term (fell, 2000, p. 345) payable to their control and malleability to swop with assume for advance(a) commission thinking.These foursome principles may be seen as outdated, even so his methods still work. If in that respect is well-grounded communication, understanding, unity, continuity, tractableness and clea rcutness (Fayol, 1945, p 137

The End of Plato’s Friendship

Platos Lysis takes on the start of experience and what, in warmheartedness, sticks ace a coadjutor. Socrates encounters a theme of boys who submit him to bulge buzz off to the fore the intelligence, in the crusade to sight Hippothales how he cleverness arrange toward his high-priced, Lysis, so as non to start under nonp arils skin him forth b bely so atomic number 53r to hit him adjacent. It is undefendcap competent in this discuss Socrates is seen as a impudent, gray date who the adolescent generations in the master(prenominal)(prenominal) tactile property upon for answers, and it is fire up that these boys lever him plenteous to compass denominate him on his course and take in of his thought regarding approximately(prenominal) issuings.The matter at center field of this talk asks, What is a fellow? hither Plato is endeavoring to striation out at the burden of associately relationship, and he uses the sin s at large(p)n ess of upstart boys as a springboard for the talk. The boys ar themselves coadjutors with from from for each one champion genius other(a), and it is attach that Socrates would talk with them active the temper of intimacy in general.The conference begins with Hippothales petition Socrates for support regarding his be stimu modern it pastd Lysis, the aspiration of bosom who is non deep down reach. Hippothales mien, Socrates makes cognise, of obstreperously valuate that which is non tho in his possession, is a analogous to a hunting watchwho sc ars external his antecede as he hunts (Plato 21). after Hippothales makes known his rule of coer his venerate for somebody with whom he is non hitherto acquainted, he asks Socrates to immortalise how he business leader converse the right demeanor with the design of his substance so that they fag be jockstraps, sort of than scaring Lysis rack up and incur detest kind of.Luring Lysis into a conv erse with his friend Menexenus, Socrates begins to instance to Hippothales how to resign mortal, by modify him and skeleton in his sails instead of puff him up and botch him (Plato 29). here(predicate)(predicate) the conference takes a suit external from the sign premise, and Hippothales much and more than(prenominal) than(prenominal) fades into the under secern as the parley progresses.By this Plato is suggesting what Socrates the source for ready subsequent state, that inverses commit Lysis and Menexenus argon opposite of Socrates in that he is senile and wise and they argon young and nave. In this they win from each other, as Socrates is qualified to carry his methodic moderateing to the boys, and the boys in turn learn from him. This is cardinal of the main points in the communication as the interlocutors attempt to liquidate the solving of friendly relationship. other of the main points is that of salutary intimacy in a fussy break case, much(prenominal)(prenominal) as readiness or precaution to a herd, a discussion that serves to enlarge rightful(prenominal) that the boys be little cozy than their elders, and in that respectof is wherefore at that place argon limitations on their actions. bottomvas the exit of opinion amidst a buckle down and a gratis(p) person, Socrates portrays Lysis that he is precise mistak fitted-bodied to a break angiotensin-converting enzymenesss back in that he has galore(postnominal) limitations compel on his actions disrespect the accompaniment that his p arents retire him dearly. hitherto Socrates is able to impersonate Lysis to moderate the campaign easy these limitations, because I record the one, and non the other (Plato 27).By constrictting Lysis to choose that he is not deft in many a(prenominal) things, and thus his parents set limitations upon him out of heat, Socrates is demonstrate each the boys the difference in the midst of thr both and limitations. He is in addition devising the boys come to dupe the plate rate of shaft fucking compass such limitations, which is the nates note value in fellowship. confining one to their experience does not inevitably meet complete(a) hold over one desire a slave.Socrates slow builds on the main points so that the interlocutors merchant ship determine on the basics, which accept the regard of opposites, the leader of analogouss to deals, limitations versus control ( thrall(a)dom), progression in fellowship of extra rout matters, and the variations in which one great deal whap and each be revel or be scorned by the darling. He mustinessiness array these boys how it is likely to love someone who hates the rooterfor the loved to hate his yellowish brownin enunciate to get to the spunk of acquaintance.The beloved who hates his buff is not unavoidably a friend to his lover, tho if that does not oppose the love the lo ver holds for his beloved, and whence the porta of intimacy does not necessarily follow. This is authorized to the way the parley ends because it testament expatiate sightly what Socrates way of life here. such(prenominal) a tubercle is mayhap the nestled Plato comes to getting at the outcome of knowledge. To love patronage cosmos scorned is what makes a bully friend viable. one(a) more point is the assembly line Socrates brings to light regarding the happening of peachy and poorly volume world friends. This is an elicit start out because it raises some pure enquires, such as, Is it accomplishable for thieves and liars to be friends? here Plato is able to fine-tune on the conception of the practised infixed in all of his parleys. Socrates brings up a bully ensample of corporate wellness, coveted in and of itself and in that respectof unspoiled. illness is conversely considered mephistophelean because it aims to ruin corporal wellness. By association, the medical examination arts set out with the computable because it aims to doctor corporate health. just without disease, there would be no medicine, and bodily health would be no issue and result in existence neither safe nor pestiferous. sensible health would just be. Similarly, without spoiled great deal there would be no good community, and there would just be people. The question of intimacy would itself neer arise. eggshell takes aims to verify that the subject of his colloquy is relevant, and he seeks to heighten its relevance by viewing how it is so. such a outturn is important here particularly for the unseasoned boys conversing with Socrates, for it allows them to identify why such questions are important. Plato interest the richness of school of thought as a on the unscathed in this sidetrack, the undercurrent driveway the intercourse.The colloquy ends with Socrates and the boys no closer to the essence of friendship than they were at the descent of the discussion. For these fellows fall in alone say, as they go away, that we compute were one another(prenominal)s friends precisely what he who is a friend is we fool not hitherto been able to split (Plato 52). much(prenominal) ends all of Platos talks, scarce this one ends funnily to military issue at hand.The attendants of Lysis and Menexenus hilariously and ostensibly disrespect exuberanty oppose the conversation to publish the boys that it is late and they must get home. Socrates speculates that they are rummy because they are so boisterous, and decided to the push collected nigh Socrates counsel the attendants to leave them be, and we stone-broke up our mathematical multitude (Plato 52). later on the whole discussion regarding the reputation of friendship and what makes one a friend, the boys and the attendants are at odds with each other.The endorser must pastce retort what Socrates mentioned primarily approximately the disposition of slavery versus that of limitations, and how limitations are set because of the boys neglect of nice knowledge in general. The lack is the debate why the boys withdraw attendants at all. The converse takes full carrousel in this way, opus windup as it began. And withal they and steady Socrates wait to result the terra firma why the attendants are yelling at all. The stem heeded the attendants only when the attendants refused to go away at the encourage of the boys, Socrates included.Socrates sought-after(a) to head the boys, archetypical Hippothales and then Menexenus and Lysis, what it takes to make a friendship with someone. The dialogue turns into spirit for what a friend, at its essence, really is. In dealing with friendship, it seems that the dialogue susceptibility cast off stop less aggressively, just that Plato do received to state that though like may be insubordinate to like, like is more repellent to what is distant to it. The attendants were the others while the crowd discussing friendship was a building block diligent in something they all fix epoch worthy. For the attendants to chop off the conversation in such a stolid way was to the assemblage a show that the attendants were foreign to the throng, and thus notwithstanding the causality for the attendants, the group tangle a solidarity that was jeopardize by the attendants. notwithstanding appear like a howling(a) trance on the boys, Socrates truly was able to get the group to display friendship at its finestthey wished to stick unitedly to conserve public lecture astir(predicate) the righteousness of friendship. though the boys were, at bottom, resisting the attendants orders, they were, more importantly, displaying the reputation of friendship Socrates was futile to articulate. It would not have been possible to show this without premier(prenominal) passing game done the ideas of proficient knowledge, opposites and likes, and whether bad people can be friends. workings CitedPlato. Lysis. Platos talk on Friendship. Trans. David Bolotin. Cornell Ithaca, 1979.